Confessional Poetry in The Word by Sylvia Plath Essay

Poetry Essay What sets apart the poetic style of both modernism and postmodernism is that both attempted to diverge from the traditional proses of 19th century, specifically, from realism. Both also tend to form around the philosophy of subjectivity as both explore the inner emotions of characters and thus use it to develop ideas and conceptions in the reader’s mind. Experimentation is present is both modernist and postmodernist works; however, it takes on a central role in postmodern works and deviates from the sense of order and generalized opinions. Both modernism and postmodernism digress from the classical belief of guidelines for writing good poetry and take on the approach that advocate for more a more personalized style where†¦show more content†¦199). Her poem is written in four stanzas that each contains five lines. She wrote â€Å"Words† in an open form that allows her to write in a way in which her work â€Å"does not have an established pattern to it†; this allows Plath to write without â€Å"worrying about trying to make the words fit a specific meter or rhyme scheme† (Open and Closed Form). Thus, Plath is able to express her feelings as she writes about the nature of poetry itself. Plath’s poetry is in essence a vivid blast of emotion that surrounds her during her life. â€Å"Words† shows the reader the despair and emotional breakdown that Plath feels. In fact, â€Å"Words† â€Å"was written only ten days before Sylvia Plath’s death by suicide† (Terribly-Perfect). As Paul Mitchell writes, â€Å"Most of Sylvia Plath’s last poems are characterized by a poetic language on the point of collapse. As such, the voice of this work can be said to be in process or under erasure in the sense that it reveals an unraveling of signifying practice, manifested by both non-sense and, more paradoxically, the resonance of silence† (Mitchell 2005, p. 37). Thus, in â€Å"Words† Plath was attempting to show the loss of energy and control she had in her life; she did this by combining two seemingly distinct images together: axes and horses. â€Å"Ax strokes are an image of power and controlled force. Galloping horses are exhilarating but imply the potential for loss of control† (terribly-perfect).Show MoreRelatedLife, Poetry, And Death1467 Words   |  6 PagesLife, Poetry, and Death Death, madness, and love are the main points of impulse in Sylvia Plath’s life, a habit that can be described as part of the unconscious. According to psychological studies, the effects of trauma and experience on an author can manifest itself in their writing (Caruth). For instance, we learned that the suffering of Sylvia Plath her whole life due to depression, the attempted of suicide, and the death of her father. Those traumatic experiences influenced the writing and interpretationRead MoreEssay on The Dark Life and Confessional Poetry of Sylvia Plath2207 Words   |  9 Pagespoets, who brought with them a new type of perspective within their poetry. These poets—especially those who wrote confessional poetry—established their poetry in a single, unified voice that accentuated intimate human topics such as death, sexuality, and family. An important contributor to contemporary and confessional poetry was Sylvia Plath, who employed personal aspects of her life i nto her style of confessional poetry. Plath suffered from a deep depression that influenced her to often write inRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Hughes s Poem Lady Lazarus Plath 1067 Words   |  5 Pagesappear to remind her inner wounds of life. Frequently they seem to terrorize her with their openings; They (Tulips) are opening like the mouth of some great African cat..15. In her poem Lady Lazarus Plath confirms her strong faith in rebirth and resurrection: Out of the ash I rise with my red hair and I eat men like air16. It further makes obvious her repulsion on men. She believes that Suicide, Death and Resurrection may fetch her eternal happiness. That is why, it seems, she loves death. SheRead MoreSylvia Plath is an American Writer who Writes Confessional Poems about her Life1117 Words   |  4 PagesSylvia Plath is an American writer, commonly known for her poetry works. Her poetry can be categorized as â€Å"confessional poetry†, which are poems about the poet’s personal life. Her two most famous published collections of poems are The Colossus and Other Poemsand Ariel, but it was not until after Plath’s death that The Bell Jarwas published. The Bell Jar is considered a more personal and semi-autobiographical novel. Throughout Sylvia Plath’s lifetime, she suffered mentally since she was a littleRead MoreThe Poetry Of Syl via Plath1811 Words   |  8 PagesSylvia Plath is often described as a feminist poet who wrote about the difficulties women faced before womens right were a mainstream idea. From reading her poetry, it is quite obvious that Plaths feminism is extremely important to her, but she also wrote about a lot of day to day experiences and made them significant through her use of literary devices such as metaphors and symbols. Plath may also be best known for her autobiographical poetry written in a confessional style that appeared duringRead MoreSylvia Plaths Lady Lazarus1289 Words   |  6 PagesSylvia Plath, author of â€Å"Lady Lazarus†, is â€Å"widely considered one of the most emotionally evocative and compelling American poets of the postwar period† (â€Å"Plath, Sylvia: Introduction†). Plath was born in Boston, Massachusetts and her father died when she was eight. Plath attended Smith College and due to overwhelming conditions, she lapsed into a severe depress ion and overdosed on sleeping pills. After receiving psychiatric care, Plath enrolled in Newnham College where she met and married EnglishRead MoreOne Art By Sylvia Plath Critical Analysis1446 Words   |  6 PagesBishop and â€Å"Lady Lazarus† by Sylvia Plath, the poets write to conceptualize and understand their losses, ultimately applying radically opposing solutions to the same emotional struggle. Elizabeth Bishop was a high-caliber poet known for her excellent use of form and technical genius. Suffering tragedy at a young age when â€Å"her father died, and shortly thereafter, her mother was committed to a mental asylum,† it is somewhat surprising that the majority of Bishop’s poetry is detached from her personalRead MoreAnne Sexton Confessional Poetry Analysis1192 Words   |  5 Pages Her style of poetry, confessional poetry, was used in a way to connect with her audience as stated above, and without it, she would have been unable to achieve the level of rapport necessary to reach her popularity. Confessional poetry is the poetry of the personal or I, and it began to emerge in the late 50s and early 60s (A Brief Guide to Confessional Poetry). It is associated with poets like Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, W. D. Snodgrass, etc., with Lowell playing teacher forRead MoreBreaking Up With Daddy: Sylvia Plath on Human Relations958 Words   |  4 Pageswithin the tradition of confessional poetry, a subgenre of lyric poetry which was most prominent from the fifties to the seventies (Moore), Sylvia Plath uses the events of her own tragic life as the basis of creating a persona in order to examine unusual relationships. An excellent example of this technique is Plath’s poem â€Å"Daddy† from 1962, in which she skilfully manipulates both diction, tr ope and, of course, rhetoric to create a character which, although separate from Plath herself, draws on aspectsRead MoreThe Highs And Lows Of Manic Depressive Writing1507 Words   |  7 PagesSylvia Plath: The Highs and Lows of Manic Depressive Writing Sylvia Plath, a successful confessional style poet, struggled throughout her life with issues revolving around her father’s death, unsuccessful and unfulfilling relationships with men, and her mental illnesses. Throughout her struggles, Plath wrote, sometimes writing as much as 10 drafts a day. Despite welcoming into the world two children, whom she loved dearly, Plath still felt unfulfilled by her duties as a housewife. As she wrote

Hantavirus National Park Service and Popular Camping Site Free Essays

Hantavirus It seems that the there has been an outbreak of a rare, deadly virus called the Hantavirus in Yosemite National Park. According to the article, there has been an outbreak of hantavirus infections in Curry Village, a popular camping site in Yosemite, and that two people have already died from it. However, this isn’t the first time the hantavirus has spread. We will write a custom essay sample on Hantavirus: National Park Service and Popular Camping Site or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1993, the virus had been first discovered when a terrifying outbreak unfolded in the Four Corners Area of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. The fatality rate was incredibly high—killing about half the people it infected. But, what exactly is the Hantavirus? The Hantavirus causes a disease called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, which can kill an infected within just 10 days. Researchers have learned that the hantavirus is spread by the wastes and saliva of deer mice, whose population in Yosemite is bigger than usual this year. Over the 20 years since the virus has been discovered, experts have been able to learn more about the disease thus making them better at saving lives, but not that much better. Currently, there is no official cure. With that being said, I believe that this article was published to alert people about the hantavirus. It’s obvious that the hantavirus is extremely fatal and sneaky, for its symptoms are similar to those of harmless illnesses. People need to be notified to be cautious of their health. It might be in Yosemite for now, but modern technology gives us humans the ability to travel great distances. Although there has been a recent outbreak, I do not think the hantavirus is or will ever be an epidemic. This is because I think that us humans are more than capable to stop the spread of this virus. I remember reading about the SARS outbreak that originated in China a couple of years ago. The CDC and the World Health Organization were immediately put into action as soon as it was found to have hit North America. Flights were grounded, travel within borders was locked, and only around 40 people died in the entire continent. Also, I believe that this is the way we can fix this problem, almost like how they fixed the SARS outbreak. We should restrict travel to and from Yosemite so that the spread radius is minimized. Then, we should thoroughly study the virus and develop a cure. Unlike SARS, the cause of hantavirus infections is no longer a mystery. I believe that experts can cure the virus in just a few weeks if this is process is followed. How to cite Hantavirus: National Park Service and Popular Camping Site, Essay examples

Influence of Product Market Externality †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Product Market Externality. Answer: Introduction In the study essay, key features of four market structures i.e. monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and the perfectly competitive market have been described. Using diagrams, the short run and long run profits and losses in the identified market structure is also elaborated (O'Sullivan, 2009). Also, the allocation of resources in the four types of markets has been compared. Furthermore, the study paper provides a brief description of negative externalities using the diagram. Providing a case study from Australia, the impact and government interventions have been identified to solve the problem of a negative externality. Lastly, the study investigates the effect of externality on monopoly and perfectly competitive market outcomes in the presence of negative externalities. In a monopoly market structure, a single manufacturer or seller has the control over the market as no close substitute is available (Abdin, 2008). Therefore, the single firm is called monopolistic. As the single supplier produces products having no close substitute, the monopolistic firm can be termed as the price maker. In other characteristics, due to lack of close substitutes and infrastructural assistance, entry to the market is restricted for new participators. Non-price competition in monopoly market is somewhat in compared to other market structure whereas the market structure is efficient in terms of productive efficiency (Carlton, 2012). The identified market structure secures high profitability in the longer period of time. For instance, rural gas station can be identified as a monopolistic firm as there are no other market competitors (Baur, 2017). In the underlying figure, the long-term and short-term economic profits of monopoly market structure have been illustrated as follows: In a monopoly market structure, super-normal profitability can be achieved in the long-term. In case of profit maximisation, marginal cost must be equal to marginal revenue considering the competition. In case of monopolistic market structure, competition is nil. As shown in the figure, profit maximisation is achieved when MC=MR, where P is price and output is Q. Given at a price AR is above ATC at point Q, PABC area can indicate the supernatural profit (Prescott, 2013). Precisely, no presence of close substitute and competition, a monopolistic firm can secure maximum profit at area PABC in the long run. Monopolistic Competitive market Monopolistic competitive market structure forms an imperferct competiton where many producers have offfered products or services differentiated by brinading ,design, or quality. Clearly, the offered products are not perfected substituables by each other (Brems, 2013). In a monopolistic competiton, the number of competitors are many but not as high as perfect competiton. In terms of control over the price, firms have got some control on prices whereas the entry to the market is relatively easy (Feenstra, 2010). In the monopolistic competition, production factors of manufactured goods/service are not absolutely transportable. Apparently, in sich market structure, more elastic demand curve can be seen as the manufacturers reduce price of goods/service to incresae sales. In the meanwhile, long-run profits for such market structure is nil (Feenstra, 2016). Invariably, retail stores and coffee shop businesses are examples of real life monopolistic competition. In the next section, the shor t-run economic profits and losses of monopolistic competiton have been described. In a monospolistic competition, firms engaged in the market structure maximises profits by manufacturing that partcilar quantity so that MR and MC will be equal in the short-run. Considerably, to achieve the economic proft in short-term, the avarage total cost must be below the market price. As described in the above graph, D is market demand, ATC is avarage total cost, MR is marginal revenue, and MC is marginal cost. As shown in the graph, the price offered by monomistic competitive enterprise is identical to the point on D where MR=MC. Therefore, the short-tern profit will be the difference between price and avarage total cost multiplied by quantity. In case of short-run losses, if ATC is above market price as shown in the above figure, the firm suffers loss. The short term loss will be the difference between price and avarage total cost multiplied by quantity. As the avarge total cost will be negative, the figure will show loss. However, in a monopolistic market structure firms can minimise the loss in short run by manufacturing the quantity where MR is equal to MC (Keppler, 2014). In that particular case, the firm need to convest the loss in profit or should exit the market. Perfectly competitive market Perfect or pure competition is rare in the real life scenario, but the model is essential in analysing the industry that characterises similar to a perfect competition market. A perfectly competitive market is characterised by a huge number of sellers that means the decision of a single seller will not impact the price of the commodity in the market (Taylor, 2015). Furthermore, the products and services in the perfectly competitive market are standardise and homogenous in nature. Every product and service is a perfect substitute of the products and services of the rival company (Carlton, 2012). Furthermore, the firms in the perfectly competitive market are price takers and the decision of the price is made on the basis of the market mechanism such as demand and supply of product. Moreover, there are not significant barriers that may prevent a firm from leaving and entering the perfectly competitive industry (Carlton, 2012). Some of the examples of perfectly competitive market are sto ck market industry and agricultural industry because these industries have the same characteristics of a perfectly competitive market. In a perfectly competitive market, the demand curve is horizontal to the market price, which is equal to average revenue and marginal revenue. Hence, in a perfectly competitive market D = P = AR = MR. Moreover, the quantity is MC = MR (Carlton, 2012). Furthermore, in the short run, rise in the demand leads to increase in the price that provides profit to the perfectly competitive firms. A diagram has been presented herein below for further understanding: It can be seen from the above diagram that AR is above AC that leads to a profit of P1E1MC1. However, the demand may fall due to certain factors that may lead to loss or zero profit of the perfectly competitive firms in the short run (Kunieda Shibata, 2014). A diagram has been presented herein below for further understanding: It can be seen from the above diagram that AC is more than AR due to the fall in the demand. Hence, C2ME2P2 presents the loss for the perfectly competitive firm in the short run. It is important to note that the profit and loss in the perfectly competitive firms occurs in the short run due to no changes in the quantity supplied (Kunieda Shibata, 2014). The firms cannot make changes in the quantity supplied due to stagnant factors of production in the short run. However, in the long run, the firms can make changes in the quantity supplied by adding or reducing the factors of production that leads to zero profit in the long run. A diagram has been presented herein below for further understanding: The oligopoly market consists of a huge number of buyers and few sellers. For example, the tooth paste, steel and soft drinks companies come under the oligopoly market structure. The firms in the oligopoly market are much innovative in order to differentiate their products to beat the competitors (Taylor, 2015). The firms are interdependent in order to decide the price of the product. Moreover, the investment required to enter the oligopoly market is quite high and the companies have kinked demand curve in the long run. The quantity supplied is decided by MR to MC (Kamien Schwartz, 2012). Moreover, the price remains above the AC which always provides profits to the firms in the oligopoly market. In the short run, the changes in the demand and supply do not impact the revenue of the firms in the oligopoly market. However, in the long run, the firms have kinked demand that increases the interdependency of the firms in the oligopoly market (Taylor, 2015). For example, if Colgate Palmol ive reduces the price for its products in the Australian market, the other competitors such as Oral B and Pepsodents also have to reduce their price to meet the competition in the market. A diagram has been presented herein below for further understanding: It can be seen from the above diagram, that the firms in the oligopoly market has kinked demand in the long run (Kunieda Shibata, 2014). Hence, in order to maintain its profitability and stabilise the demand for its product, the company has to change the price of the product on the basis of the price charged by the rivals. However, the company will never charge a lower price below the Average Cost as the products are differentiated through innovation (Kamien Schwartz, 2012). Comparison of four market Structure On the basis of the above analysis, the comparison of the four market structures has been presented in the table given below: Characteristic Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of firms A very large number Many Few One Type of Product Homogeneous/Standardised Differentiated (by brinading ,design, or quality) Standardised/ Differentiated Unique; (no close substitute) Control over Price None (Price taker) Some Control over price within narrow limit Limited by mutual inter-dependence Considerable/Absolute (Price maker) Conditions of entry Very easy, no real obstacles Relatively easy Not Easy, significant obstacles Impossible/ Blocked Non Price Competition None Considerable Considerable for a differentiated oligopoly Somewhat Productive efficiency Highly efficient Less Efficient Less Efficient Inefficient Long run profits Nil Nil Positive High Examples Agriculture and stock market Retails stores, cosmetics, apparel Tooth paste, Steel, soft drinks Local utilities, rural gas station Table: Comparison of Four Market Structures Source: (Yomogida, 2010) However, in terms of resource allocation it is important to note that how the firms in different market structure use the allocated resources in order to produce the products and service in respective market. In the case of perfectly competitive firm, it can be seen that the companies earn normal profit in the long run. Hence, a fuller utilisation of resources can be evident in the perfectly competitive market (Salvatore, 2011). On the other hand, in the monopoly market, the firms produces relatively lesser amount of product to increase the demand and charge higher price for the products and services to maximise profit (Sutton, 2015). Therefore, it can be seen that monopolistic firms do not make fuller utilisation of the allocated resources. Furthermore, in a monopolistic competitive market there are a huge number of buyers and sellers, but the products are identical in nature (Slavin, 2014). The companies in the monopolistic competitive market charge a higher price than the market price due to the differentiated characteristics of the products. Hence, it can be seen that firms in monopolistic competitive market do not product at their optimum level. In other words, the firms produce less than the installed capacity (Salvatore, 2011). Furthermore, the same happens with the firms in the oligopoly market. The interdependency characteristics of this market forces the oligopolistic firms to produce lesser amount as compared to their optimum level. However, to meet the changing policies of the competitors the firms need to produce on the basis of the market demand (Slavin, 2014). Therefore, it can be seen that oligopoly firms uses lesser resources as compared to the perfectly competitive firms and more resources as compared t o the monopolistic firms. Negative externalities To identify the macroeconomic status of free market, understanding the negative externalities associated with the market is a primary need. Negative externality is said to be occurred when production or consumption of a goods can create harmful consequences to a third party other than producers and consumers (Cho, 2013). Evidently, negative externalities can impose external costs on the third party as well. Therefore, negative externalities can contribute to a market failure as the social cost exceeds private costs in a given market. The receiver of negative externalities can be any individual or organisation other than the manufacturer and consumer of the goods. For instance, any type of pollution can impact the social population. Therefore, it is addressed as a negative externality (Wang Tan, 2017). In the study, negative externality of production has been described using graphical representation as follows: A negative externality that has taken place due to production or manufacturing of a product affecting the third party other than the producer and consumers in a harmful way, can be defined as negative externality of production. For example, burning of fossil fuel e.g. coal, oil, and LNG to produce electricity can contribute to air pollution. Clearly, air pollution during the production of electricity can create a harmful effect on the social population. As depicted in the above figure, Q1 can be identified as the production output where the demand status and supply status is equal. At Q1 position, the social marginal cost (SMC) is significantly higher than that of social marginal benefit (SMB) showing socially inefficiency (Sunderasan, 2012). At point Q2, SMC is equal to SMB notifying social efficiency at the point. The marked section in the figure is called deadweight welfare loss because the SMC is greater than PMC i.e. private marginal cost. Emission of green house gas has become one of the leading challenges for Australia according to the data released by the Australian government. Hannam (2017) reviewed in the article stating that the carbon emission in the country has been continue to increase as the data released by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory discloses that carbon emission in the country increased by 1.6% in the March quarter, biggest change in terms of quarterly increase in the previous nine years. The Australian carbon emission has reached 550.4 million tonne annually up by 1% in compared to the last year. Since the Coalition government has taken the charge, carbon emission in the country was up by 6% in compared to a decline of 10% during Labour government (Hannam, 2017). Each of the data indicates how coal-powered energy sector and major industries have contributed towards increasing carbon emission affecting the social population. Clearly, the increase rate of carbon emission refers to the environment policy framework implemented by the Coalition government. According to the analysis, being a negative externality, pollution has affected the economy as well. Due to the increase in greenhouse gas, the social cost exceeds private costs. In the underlying figure, carbon emission trend in Australia has been represented as below: As described in the above mentioned figure, since March quarter in 2013, the carbon emission trend is continuously increasing. Due to negative externalities such as pollution, government interventions are mandatory to correct the market failure due to the event (Hannam, 2017). Evidently, according to the economists, internalise exterior costs and benefits must be taken into account to avoid the sustainable impact of negative externalities. In Australia, the mining, oil and gas, and coal-powered electricity production sectors can be identified as the major contributors to greenhouse gas emission. In order to reduce the amount of pollution, one of the most common approaches is pollution tax i.e. the government should force polluters to pay massive charges for creating negative externalities. In the meanwhile, negative externalities create adverse effect on the health of social people increasing social costs to that of private costs. Herein, introducing carbon tax will help to increase the private cost of production or/and consumption. Therefore, the rise in the private cost should reduce the quantity demanded as well as the output of the product causing negative externalities. In this way, government directed carbon tax can negate the adverse effect of negative externalities hurting the economic conditions. Effect of externality on monopoly and perfectly competitive market Firstly, it is important to understand the impact of externalities over the monopoly and perfectly competitive market in order to know which market structure is socially beneficial (Arellano, 2007). Moreover, the social marginal cost for a perfectly competitive firm will be always higher than the private marginal cost in case of emission of carbon in the air that causes negative externalities (air pollution) (Gilman, 2016). Furthermore, a perfectly competitive firm will produce more than the socially optimal level at Qp in order to meet the high level of competition in the market and earn normal profit in the long run (O'Sullivan, 2009). A diagram has been presented herein below for further understanding: It can be seen from the above diagram that a perfectly competitive firm will produce at Qp that will lead to negative externalities and deadweight welfare loss marked with the shaded section (Wang Tan, 2017). However, in the case of a monopoly firm it is important to note that the output will always be lower than the socially optimum level of output to maximise the profit. In other words, the output level for the monopoly firms will be at S = PMC = MR (Carl, 2012). A figure has been given below for better understanding: By utilising the formula of welfare, it can be seen from the above figure that the welfare at socially optimal price level is A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H and the welfare at monopoly price level is A + B + C + D + F + G. Hence, the deadweight welfare loss for monopoly firms is E + H that are presented with the shaded portion (Wang Tan, 2017). By considering both the market structures, it can be seen that perfectly competitive market makes fuller utilisation of resources and produces higher quantity of products as compared to monopoly market firms (Martin, 2016). It can be seen that the deadweight loss occurring from the negative externalities will be higher in the case of perfectly competitive market as compared to monopolistic market (Wang Tan, 2017). Hence, monopoly market is socially preferred market structure over the perfectly competitive market with the occurrence of negative externalities. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, it can be seen that all four market structures differs from one another on the basis of number of sellers, similarities between the products, barriers of entry and exit, decision making of price and several other factors. The comparison made on the basis of allocation of resources, it can be seen that firms in the perfectly competitive market are found to use the available resources to its optimal level. However, other market structures do not present optimum utilisation of resources due to their profit maximisation, product differentiation and interdependency characteristics. Moreover, the negative externalities caused by the operations of the firms in different market structure leads to welfare loss. Hence, it is the role of the government to take care of the social cost that is incurred by the operations of the firms causing negative externalities. Finally, the research concludes by presenting that monopoly market is socially preferred market str ucture over the perfectly competitive market with the occurrence of negative externalities due to the production of output below the socially optimum level. References Abdin, M. (2008). Hidden Monopoly in the Free Market.SSRN Electronic Journal. Arellano, F. (2007). Forecasting Profits in the Short Run: Using a More Reliable Profit Margin Ratio.SSRN Electronic Journal. Baur, D. (2017). 'Monopoly' in Real Life - The Housing Market and Inequality.SSRN Electronic Journal. Brems, H. (2013).Product equilibrium under monopolistic competition(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. Carl, S. (2012).Market Structure. Delhi: Orange Apple. Carlton, D. (2012).Planning and Market Structure(5th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Cho, M. (2013). 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Kunieda, T., Shibata, A. (2014). Credit Market Imperfections and Macroeconomic Instability.Pacific Economic Review,19(5), 592-611. Martin, R. (2016). Externality regulation and the monopoly firm.Journal Of Public Economics,29(3), 347-362. O'Sullivan, A. (2009).Urban economics(3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Prescott, E. (2013). Market structure and monopoly profits: A dynamic theory.Journal Of Economic Theory,6(6), 546-557. Rozeff, M. (2009). Stiglitz, Externality and Government.SSRN Electronic Journal. Salvatore, D. (2011).Microeconomics. New York: McGraw Hill. Slavin, S. (2014).Microeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Sunderasan, S. (2012).Externality(2nd ed.). New York: Nova Publishers. Sutton, J. (2015).Technology and Market Structure. Cambridge: MIT Press. Taylor, T. (2015).Economics. Chantilly, Va.: Teaching Co. Wang, Y., Tan, D. (2017). The Influence of Product Market Externality on Dynamic Decisions of Monopoly.Modern Economy,8(6), 806-815. Yomogida, M. (2010). Fragmentation and Welfare in Monopolistic Competition.Review Of International Economics,18(3), 531-539.